Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) is a multi-disciplinary with double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishes across the entire field, to advance our knowledge of our nature world and its various intersections with society. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in Medical and Health Sciences includes dentistry, immunology and microbiology, medicine, neuroscience, nursing, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics, biological sciences, life sciences, as well as education and educational research in medical and health sciences. Abstract and Indexing: Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; and many more.
GLOBAL BARRIERS AND ENABLERS TO EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE AND INTERVENTION: A SCOPING REVIEW
Child development encompasses a range of physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that children undergo from birth through adolescence. Early childhood is a critical period as rapid developmental changes take place, which can have lasting impacts on a child's health and well-being. This study focused on summarizing and evaluating child development monitoring tools and systems in several countries, including Malaysia, as well as their strengths, limitations, and target populations. Next, this study also focused on the barriers to the recognition of potential needs, access to diagnosis, and early intervention on developmental delay. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search included articles published from 1 January 2003 to 1 October 2023. Several examples of the differences in child developmental monitoring programme was shown from both high-and-low-income countries such as the United States and India, respectively. The factors for child developmental monitoring in terms of recognition, diagnosis, and early intervention were categorized into child, family, and service factors. As all child factors are non-modifiable, the importance of family and service factors must be emphasised. Early detection and intervention are paramount as they reduce the risk of developing future developmental disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD SYUAIB SAZALI, KHALID MOKTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCHOOL BAG USE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG SECONDARY STUDENTS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSKs) are increasingly prevalent among adolescents and may impact their health into adulthood. This study aimed to examine the relationship between school bag carriage characteristics, specifically weight, length, daily duration, and carriage style; and the occurrence of MSKs among secondary school students in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 400 students selected from seven secondary schools. Participants completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and data on anthropometric measures and school bag attributes were collected. Visual assessments were conducted to detect postural abnormalities, including scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis. The lifetime prevalence of MSKs was highest in the low back (50.0%), followed by the neck (40.3%) and shoulders (35.8%). Notable associations were found between specific carriage characteristics and MSKs: for example, shoulder pain was significantly associated with both bag weight and carriage duration, while bag length correlated with neck pain. Scoliosis and lordosis also showed significant associations with bag weight. However, no consistent pattern was observed across all variables, and some associations were statistically insignificant. The findings suggest that improper school bag use, particularly excessive weight and poor carriage style, contributes to MSK development and postural issues among students. Preventive strategies including awareness programs and ergonomic interventions are recommended to safeguard students’ musculoskeletal health.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUWAKAYODE AJE, OLUFEMI OGUNDIRAN, HENRIETTA FAWOLE, KAYODE OKE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURAL MODELING AND FUNCTIONAL PREDICTION OF IFN-Y GENE VARIANTS
IFN-γ is a key immunomodulatory cytokine primarily secreted by activated T lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, and dendritic cells. The IFN-γ protein is encoded by the IFNG gene located on chromosome 9q14.3 and plays a central role in host immune responses. The current study employed an integrated computational approach to predict deleterious missense SNPs of the IFN-γ gene. These variants potentially disrupt the structural integrity and biological activity of IFN-γ, contributing to aberrant immune responses implicated in tumorigenesis and chronic inflammation. To assess the functional consequences of these mutations, molecular docking analyses were conducted. Through comprehensive screening, 12 deleterious nsSNPs were identified, localized within non-synonymous regions. SOPMA revealed that the IFN-γ protein is predominantly α-helical, constituting about 66.27% of the total secondary structure. Our results show high disorder scores for the G161R, R152Q, M1L, and A164S mutants, suggesting a loss of structural order, which may negatively impact protein function. Structural modeling was performed using AlphaFold, followed by validation with the SAVES v6.0 server. K28T, Y37C, and Y76F induced marked conformational changes involved in receptor binding, as evidenced by high RMSD values. Our results emphasize Laminin, Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Melanin, Parecoxib, and Rofecoxib. Both Laminin and Melanin demonstrated strong binding affinities with native and mutant IFN-γ structures, engaging crucial residues such as Phe115, Glu116, Phe105, and Val73. These residues are crucial for ligand binding and cytokine function, highlighting their therapeutic importance. Our findings provide insights for the development of targeted therapies for IFN-γ-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious conditions. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of mutant IFN-γ forms, paving the way for precision medicine approaches tailored to genetically diverse populations. Further experimental validation is necessary to substantiate these findings and evaluate their clinical significance.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBTSAM BILAL, HARIS MUNIR, KAINAT RAMZAN, IQRA ZULFIQAR, AYESHA WAHEED, ALI HAIDER, FIZZA ALI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODELING MICROBIOLOGICAL COUNTS IN PURIFIED WATER AT A HEALTHCARE FACILITY USING ARIMA
The microbiological quality of purified water is a crucial aspect in the healthcare industry to ensure safety for different applications and uses. Understanding the trend and forecasting would be of prime importance to take proactive control and protective measures before catastrophic excursions might occur leading financial and health casualties. This study analyzes microbial density, a key metric for monitoring water purification system efficacy in healthcare facilities. The objective was to transform irregular, cumulative data into a regular time series and identify the optimal ARIMA model for forecasting to support predictive maintenance and regulatory compliance. Preliminary modeling attempts were conducted using simpler approaches such as linear, exponential and Holt-Winters methods without showing promising outcomes. Descriptive statistics and distribution analysis, including the Johnson Transformation for normality, were performed. ARIMA models with differencing orders d=0, d=1, and d=2 were fitted to the Aggregated cumulative logarithmically transformed data series, with the best model at each order selected based on minimum AICc. Model adequacy was assessed through parameter significance and residual diagnostics (Ljung-Box test). Descriptive statistics showed the aggregated series non-normal (p<0.005). ARIMA(5, 0, 4) (d=0) performed poorly (AICc=319.39) with residual autocorrelation. ARIMA(0, 2, 1) (d=2) showed improved fit (AICc=258.98) and white noise residuals (p>0.5). The ARIMA(2, 1, 2) model (d=1) was optimal (AICc=256.91), with all significant parameters and white noise residuals (p>0.3), effectively addressing non-stationarity. Forecasts from ARIMA(2, 1, 2) predict stable future growth. The ARIMA(2, 1, 2) model with first-order differencing is the most appropriate and robust model for forecasting data trends. Its strong statistical fit and reliable residual properties make it a valuable tool for predictive maintenance, optimizing resources, and enhancing patient safety in healthcare water systems, provided model performance is continuously monitored. Addressing data limitations and processing requires monitoring and exploring alternative models for future improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN CURCUMA LONGA EXTRACTS: POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA SPP.
This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts against selected multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. Freshly ground C. longa was extracted using the maceration method, and the susceptibility of the organisms to the extract was tested using the agar well diffusion technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the bioactive compounds in the extract. Molecular docking was performed using the Glide module of Maestro Schrödinger to predict binding affinities and interaction modes of C. longa phytochemicals with SHV-1 (beta-lactamase-1) of K. pneumoniae and NpsA (phosphoribosyltransferase) of K. oxytoca. The inhibition zones of C. longa extract against the antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. ranged from 17±0.88 mm to 18.67±0.88 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test organisms ranged from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml, while the maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 100 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis identified 31 compounds in the C. longa extract, with the main components being n-Hexadecanoic acid (9.14%), methyl tetradecanoate (7.77%), octadecanamide (7.74%), maltose (7.74%), and phytol (7.45%). Molecular docking analyses identified C. longa phytochemicals with strong inhibitory potential against SHV-1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae and NpsA in K. oxytoca. 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diheptyl ester showed the highest binding scores (−8.641 and −9.765 kcal/mol), while other compounds exhibited stable interactions and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, outperforming standard antibiotics. These findings suggest that C. longa extract could be a promising alternative for combating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUMIDE OLUYELE, GLADYS EGUNJOBI, DOREEN OWAGBEMI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PEEL-OFF GEL MASK OF ALOE VERA AND STRAWBERRY
Free radicals can cause oxidative damage to skin cells, causing aging. One way to overcome this is by adding antioxidants which can be obtained from natural ingredients such as aloe vera and strawberries. This study aims to determine the physical quality and antioxidant activity of aloe vera and strawberry peel-off gel masks. The research method is experimental. The research includes making aloe vera and strawberry peel-off gel masks with varying concentrations of F0 (0:0), F1 (25:75), F2 (50:50), and F3 (75:25). Physical quality tests include organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, stickiness, and drying time as well as antioxidant activity tests. The research results showed that the organoleptic was in the form of a thick liquid in all formulas, a transparent white color with no smell in F0, a dark brown color with a typical extract smell in F1, a brown color with a typical extract smell in F2, a light brown color with a typical extract smell in F3. The homogeneity test results for all formulas are homogeneous. The pH value is slightly above the requirements. The spreadability, stickiness, and drying time of the peel-off gel mask meet the requirements. Antioxidant activity obtained IC50 values ​​of 212.36 µg/mL (F0); 139.53 µg/ (F1); 71.45 (F2); and 116.31 µg/mL (F3). The best formula obtained was F2 because it met the physical quality requirements and had the strongest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, aloe vera and strawberries can be used as active sources of antioxidants in cosmetics.
Copyright (c) 2025 MAKHABBAH JAMILATUN, PRADEA INDAH LUKITO, REDITA AZZAHRA DEE RAYHANISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCES IN DRUG DESIGN: A REVIEW OF RECENT TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE
Drug design, or ligand-based drug molecular design of new molecules to interact with a biological target for effective regulation of its activity has been an indispensable and ever-evolving discipline in pharmaceutical research. The addition of newer technologies like Computational Aided Drug Design (CADD) has enriched this process by using computational tools to screen and refine drug candidates, hence empowering for an easy parallel implementation which ultimately shortens the timeline and financial involvement in designing drugs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its subset Machine Learning (ML), have become increasingly prominent in recent years to facilitate better virtual screening, molecular docking, and predictive modeling which are crucial for the detection of novel therapies especially regarding the diseases with complex etiology like cancer. Nanotechnology-assisted targeted drug delivery systems have been successfully applied to the field, enabling site-specific release of drugs and reducing their side effects while improving therapeutic efficacy. Likewise, the advent of biologics, biosimilars and multitarget drug design has brought new directions to tackle diseases that have evolved from their relatively simple causative pathways. Nonetheless, the need to overcome drug resistance, with its accompanying toxicity and computational challenges remains a major hurdle. In short, the future of drug design is expected to be increasingly influenced through AI enabled platforms that will combine with our understanding from personalized medicines and nanotechnology. Such innovations are projected to realize more functional and specific treatments. On the other hand, AI-driven methods are likely to enhance accuracy in drug discovery, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems will give way to a number of new therapeutic opportunities. Maturing, these technologies are bound to make impactful changes in the development of safer, more efficient, and personalised healthcare solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 SHEKHAR SINGH, AKANKSHA KANOJIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HPLC PROFILING AND ANTI-CANDIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE AND FRACTIONATED EXTRACTS OF TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida species poses a significant challenge to current antifungal therapies. Tithonia diversifolia has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, prompting interest in its potential as a source of novel antifungal agents. This study investigated the antifungal activity of T. diversifolia crude extract and its solvent fractions against multidrug-resistant Candida species. Phytoconstituents were extracted from the leaves of T. diversifolia using solvent extraction, followed by fractionation through a separating funnel. Antifungal activity was assessed via the agar well diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using tube dilution and plating techniques, respectively. Bioactive compounds in the extract were identified through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The crude extract showed strong inhibition against Candida glabrata and Candida krusei (22.0 mm). Among the fractions, the aqueous fraction exhibited notable activity against C. glabrata (20.0 mm), while the ethyl acetate fraction was highly effective against C. krusei (22.0 mm). The lowest MIC and MFC values were recorded for C. krusei (MIC=12.5 mg/ml; MFC=6.25 mg/ml). HPLC analysis revealed key antifungal compounds such as Curcumin, Alpha-Tumerone, and 1,8-Cineole. These results demonstrate the promising potential of T. diversifolia as a source of antifungal agents against resistant Candida strains.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUMIDE OLUYELE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION SOURCES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is a vital cultural heritage that supports community health, yet its transmission remains understudied. This research identifies the sources through which native communities acquire and preserve this knowledge. In this applied cross-sectional study, data were collected from 150 local experts across 10 villages in the Paskaloot region using semi-structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews (Snowball method). Participants reported demographic details, medicinal plant uses, and knowledge sources. Elders were the primary knowledge sources (90% oral transmission from grandparents/parents), followed by books (23.3%) and media (10%). Women constituted 40.6% of active users, employing plants for diverse ailments, while 26% never used them. Participants affirmed the efficacy of medicinal plants and stressed the urgency of preserving this knowledge before elders pass away. Systematic strategies are needed to safeguard and transmit indigenous medicinal plant knowledge to future generations. This study highlights the role of intergenerational oral traditions and calls for integrating documented and community-based preservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 ALIREZA ATARODI, HAMIDREZA ATARODI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AWARENESS OF BENEFITS AND RISKS OF FLUORIDATED TOOTHPASTE AMONG IIUM DENTAL AND SCIENCE STUDENTS
Dental caries is a significant health issue in Malaysia and globally. Thorough brushing with fluoridated toothpaste can help prevent caries. Although fluoridated toothpaste offers protection against dental caries, its overuse can result in negative effects. Therefore, it is essential to recognise the associated risks and weigh them carefully against its benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness of the benefits and risks of using fluoridated toothpaste and its practice of usage among dental and science students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire comprising three sections: demographic profile, awareness of benefits and risks, and usage of fluoridated toothpaste. A total of 296 students (148 dental and 148 science) participated. Results showed that dental students exhibited a higher level of awareness regarding the benefits of fluoridated toothpaste (95.1%) compared to science students (79.4%). Furthermore, dental students also had greater awareness of the associated risks (58.3%) than science students (33.6%). A statistically significant difference in awareness levels was observed between both groups (p<0.001). Among dental students, awareness increased progressively from Year 1 to Year 4, whereas no significant differences were found across academic years among science students. In conclusion, dental students demonstrated greater awareness of both the benefits and risks of using fluoridated toothpaste than science students. Increased awareness was associated with better oral hygiene practices. Future research could explore targeted interventions to enhance fluoride-related public awareness and promote effective oral health behaviours.
Copyright (c) 2025 SALWANA SUPA'AT, FATIN NADIA AZHAR ARIFFIN, KHALIS SABRINA KHAIRUNNIZAM, YUNITA DEWI ARDINI, MOHAMAD SHAFIQ MOHD IBRAHIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXOSKELETONS IN NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION: A COMMENTARY ON CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Neurological disorders like stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) are among the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide, causing severe physical, emotional, and economic burdens to patients, families, and healthcare systems. While conventional forms of rehabilitation like physical therapy are the foundation of restoration, they are often limited by resource constraints, variability in delivery, and inaccessibility problems. Robot exoskeletons have emerged as revolutionary technology in neurorehabilitation by allowing for high-intensity, repetitive and task-specific training that enables neuroplasticity and recovery of function. This commentary pertains to the increasing application of exoskeletons to promote mobility, autonomy, and quality of life in patients with stroke and SCI. Clinical trials suggest noteworthy gait speed, endurance, balance, strength, cardiovascular, and psychological resilience gains. But these challenges, such as high cost, heterogeneity of devices, short-term data constraints, and ethical challenges of equity and informed consent, must be overcome. Greater integration into public health systems could reduce disability burden, enhance access to rehabilitation, and enhance outcomes in a variety of populations. Future advances include the development of cost-effective, transportable models, customized therapy protocols, and large clinical trials to enable widespread clinical application. With strategic collaboration and continuous innovation, exoskeletons are set to leave a strong footprint on the neurological rehabilitation horizon of the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 LOW JIE EN, NANCY CHOON-SI NG, REBECCA SHIN-YEE WONG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF COFFEE-MANGO LEAF EXTRACT COMBINATION AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IN RATS
Inflammation occurs as a result of cell-damaging stimuli, causing free arachidonic acid to trigger inflammatory symptoms. Coffee leaves (Coffea arabica) and mango leaves (Mangifera indica) contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids, which have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity, giving them great potential and enhancing anti-inflammatory effects when combined. The research aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential and optimal dosage of a combined extract of coffee and mango leaves (CLMLE). The anti-inflammatory potential was tested through carrageenan induction on the paw of the feet of Sprague Dawley rats in 6 groups of oral doses: negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Diclofenac Sodium 0.9 mg/200 g BW), CLMLE dose 1 (60 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW), CLMLE dose 2 (120 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW), CLMLE dose 3 (240 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW), and CLMLE dose 4 (120 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW). The results indicated that all CLMLE doses exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). Dosage 2 had the highest anti-inflammatory potential, with an inhibition percentage of 76.3431%. The combination of CLMLE in this research was judged to have anti-inflammatory potential, and the findings can be used to produce anti-inflammatory medicines and formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 HILMI PERDANA SUKANDI, LUSI AGUS SETIANI, NINA HERLINA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RIPE PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) REDUCES UTERINE LENGTH AND WEIGHT IN MICE (MUS MUSCULUS L)
Unripe or green papaya is one of the foods that should be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential to cause fetal abnormalities and/or miscarriage. Papaya contains papain, polysaccharides, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, which are suspected to interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, disrupting GnRH secretion and subsequently affecting follicular formation, development, and maturation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ripe papaya (Carica papaya) fruit juice administration on uterine characteristics in mice (Mus musculus). A total of 12 adult female mice were randomly divided into four groups and administered ripe papaya juice orally (gavage) at doses of 0% (control), 20%, 40%, and 80% for ten consecutive days. Following treatment, the mice were sacrificed for uterine collection. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncans post hoc test. The results indicated that the administration of ripe papaya juice significantly reduced both left and right uterine lengths and lean wet weights at all doses. The reduction in uterine length on both sides suggests that active compounds in papaya, such as the enzyme papain, may influence cellular proliferation processes within uterine tissue.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUSTAQIM MONY, PIETER KAKISINA, ABDUL MAHID UKRATALO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING INCISED WOUND HEALING IN MICE USING GARCINIA MANGOSTANA STEM BARK AND PERICARP EXTRACTS
Wounds are tissue injuries caused by various external and internal factors that may disrupt the normal function of the affected tissue. Numerous studies have focused on the use of natural substances as complementary therapies to accelerate wound healing. One plant that has demonstrated therapeutic potential is Garcinia mangostana L. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem bark and pericarp extracts of Garcinia mangostana L. in accelerating the healing of incised wounds in mice (Mus musculus). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, consisting of six treatment groups with three replicates each: negative control (K−), positive control (K+), and mice treated with combined extracts of stem bark and pericarp of G. mangostana at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. All mice were inflicted with an incised wound measuring 1 cm in diameter. The wound healing process was observed over 13 days, with measurements taken every three days. The results showed that administration of the extracts significantly accelerated the healing of incised wounds in mice. These findings suggest that Garcinia mangostana L. has potential as a complementary therapy to enhance wound healing, providing a basis for further studies on its application in humans.
Copyright (c) 2025 ABDUL MAHID UKRATALO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYZING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBLIC VS PRIVATE HELTHCARE UTILIZATION UNDER JKN PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
This study investigates the factors influencing public and private healthcare utilization under Indonesia's Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) program, aiming to understand the determinants of healthcare choices and disparities. Using data from the 2023 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), a nationally representative dataset of 1,132,749 observations, this research examines the role of socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related factors in shaping healthcare decisions. The study employs linear and logistic regression models to analyze the impact of variables such as JKN coverage, income, education, age, gender, and health status on healthcare utilization. Findings reveal that JKN participation significantly increases public healthcare usage but reduces the likelihood of private healthcare utilization. Wealthier individuals and those with higher education are more likely to opt for private care, driven by perceptions of superior quality and accessibility. Health status emerges as a key determinant, with individuals experiencing recent illnesses more likely to seek both public and private care. Gender and age also influence utilization patterns, as males and older individuals show lower usage rates, highlighting demographic-specific barriers. The study underscores persistent inequities in healthcare access, despite JKN's success in expanding coverage. Lessons from international contexts, such as Thailand's Universal Coverage Scheme, suggest that improving public healthcare quality and integrating public-private partnerships can address gaps in accessibility. Additionally, leveraging telemedicine could enhance healthcare access in remote and underserved areas. Future research should explore longitudinal data and qualitative insights to deepen the understanding of healthcare utilization dynamics. This study contributes to the discourse on universal health coverage by identifying actionable strategies to improve equity and access under the JKN program.
Copyright (c) 2025 AFAF JAUHAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF TOBACCO CONTROL LAWS IN COURT AREA: LAWYERS’ CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH
Smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the smoke that is produced. Tobacco use among the Bangladeshi population remains a public health concern despite concerted efforts with the declared national tobacco control laws. This study aimed to delineate the status of the implementation status of Tobacco Control Laws in the court area and to identify its related predictors. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in south city corporations of Dhaka city. 350 samples were selected randomly from the registered lawyer's list which was collected from respective authorities. Data was collected by pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview and analyzed by using SPSS software. Overall, the status of the implementation was poor 66% corresponding to a good 34%. Important predictors significantly found an association with the implementation: practicing duration department, family members, knowledge of health hazards, ‘NO SMOKING’ sign pasted in the court area. The study revealed a negative scenario regarding the implication of Tobacco Control Laws. Pivotal factors were significantly identified with the implication of tobacco control laws and implementation. Sustainable and effective implementation of laws are urgently needed to improve this scenario. The findings of this study highlight the critical need for strengthening and enforcing Tobacco Control Laws in court areas to reduce tobacco-related harm. Effective policy implementation can lead to significant public health benefits, including a reduction in smoking rates and tobacco-related illnesses. This research supports the continued development of regulatory measures to protect public health, particularly in vulnerable environments and populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 NUSRAT NOBI, BILKIS BANU, NASRIN AKTER, SUJANA HAQUE CHAWDHURY, SARDER MAHMUD HOSSAIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRESERVATIVE PRECISION: A NOVEL UV METHOD FOR METHYL PARABEN QUANTIFICATION IN DRUG FORMULATIONS
A simple, precise, and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of methyl paraben in pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilized methanol as a solvent, with methyl paraben exhibiting maximum absorption at 256 nm. The linearity range was established as 1-5 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Method validation was performed according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating acceptable precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.071 µg/mL and 0.2154 µg/mL, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze methyl paraben content in three commercial pharmaceutical products: Clindamycin phosphate gel USP, Ketoconazole cream 2% w/w, and Luliconazole cream. Results confirmed that the methyl paraben content in all tested products complied with their respective label claims and fell within the FDA-approved safety limit of 0.015-0.2% for pharmaceutical formulations. This method offers a rapid and reliable approach for routine quality control analysis of methyl paraben in pharmaceutical products, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and product safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 ARAVINDH AKSHAYAA, VAIBHAV GUPTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MASK COMBINATION OF BROCCOLI AND BLACK GLUTINOUS RICE
One of the cosmetics that is often used and liked by people today is a face mask. Natural ingredients that can be used as mask preparations include broccoli and black glutinous rice. This study aims to determine the physical quality and antioxidant activity of a mask combination of broccoli and black glutinous rice. The research method is experimental. The research involved making masks with a combination of broccoli extract and black glutinous rice with varying concentrations of F0 (0:0); F1 (1,875:0,625); F2 (1,25:1,25); F3 (0,625:1,875). Physical quality tests include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, pH tests, irritation tests, and antioxidant activity tests. The results showed that the organoleptic in all formulas had a semi-solid form, a white color without odor on F0, a green color with a characteristic odor of broccoli extract on F1, a light green color with a characteristic odor of broccoli extract on F2, a purple color with a characteristic odor of black sticky rice extract on F3. In the homogeneity test, all formulas were homogeneous, the spreadability of the mask met the requirements, and the adhesion power and pH met the requirements. In the irritation test, all preparations did not cause irritation reactions. The antioxidant activity obtained IC50 value of 518.488 mg/L on F0; 81.13 mg/L on F1; 123.88 mg/L on F2; and 250.119 mg/L on F3. The best formula obtained was F1 because it has the good physical quality and strong antioxidant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 MAKHABBAH JAMILATUN, PRADEA INDAH LUKITO, KIENANTY LARASSCAR PRASETYO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERNAL FIXATION SURGERY USING TIANJI ORTHOPEDIC ROBOT ON PATIENT SATISFACTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Internal fixation (IF) surgery has promoted with the combination of robotic technology, promising increased accuracy and improved patient prognosis. This study examined the effect of IF surgery using Tianji Orthopedic Robot on patient satisfaction and quality of life (QoL) over a longitudinal follow-up time. To estimate the changes in patient satisfaction and QoL following IF assisted by Tianji Orthopedic Robot. A cohort of patients undergoing IF guided by Tianji Orthopedic Robot surgery was followed from the pre-surgery phase through 12 months post-surgery. Patient-reported outcome measures, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were administered at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Additionally, the Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care (NSNCS) was used to assess the patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. 338 patients (53.19%) underwent robot-assisted surgery, 214 female (63.31%) and 124 male (36.68%), with an age of 63.76±14 years. The study indicated significant progress in both patient satisfaction and QoL. The mean ODI score decreased from 79.1±4.76 pre-surgery to 46.2±6.09 at 12 months (p<0.001), compared with the SF-36 score increased from 43.5±4.20 to 84±4.8 (p<0.05). Moreover, the NSNCS scores reflected high levels of satisfaction, with 86±4.32 of participants declare satisfaction with their surgical outcomes at the 12-month follow-up. The Tianji Orthopedic Robot significantly improves patient satisfaction and QoL, with improvements continued over a year. These findings assure the significance of robotic technology and surgical procedure and highlight the essential role of nurses in using telehealth for continuous follow-up.
Copyright (c) 2025 JAMAL ALSHORMAN, MARIA KARAMINASIAN, RUBA ALTAHLA, BLAL CHAKHABI, HELEN ANSARI, HADISABBASPOURTABARI, FATEMEHHASSANYAZDI, QIN XINGXING https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR MARKERS AND RISK-FACTORS AMONG NEWLY DIAGNOSED HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN BENIN CITY
Hypertension represents a major cardiovascular risk factor and quite often co-exists with dyslipidemia, further increasing the cardiovascular risk. The present study was done with the aim of studying some cardiovascular markers and risk factors in newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects in Benin City. In this present study, a total of 104 participants comprising 52 hypertensive patients and 52 normotensive controls aged between 20 and 80 years were enrolled. Lipid profile, for the following components, namely TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG, was assayed using standard analytic procedures. Demographic data and anthropometric measures were collected. This analysis indicated that most of the parameters of the lipid profile were significantly associated with the risk factors of CVDs. Hypertensive subjects revealed significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values when compared with normotensive subjects (P<0.001). Comparing hypertensive patients with controls revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean±SEM values of TC and LDL-C to 240.35±8.11 and 166.98±7.50, respectively, with P<0.001. Besides, TG was significantly elevated; its value was 112.15±6.96, with P=0.018, while HDL-C failed to show any statistical difference in its values, with 46.38±2.53 in this series, with P=0.365. AIP, CRR, and AC were higher with P<0.001. This study has estimated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and a high atherogenic index among hypertensive patients. Results thus provide support for lipid profile monitoring in hypertensive subjects for reduction in cardiovascular events. Earlier detection and timely treatment of dyslipidemia might definitely render better health to these patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 GRACE UMAHI OTTAH, NGUAMO FELICIA AONDOKUME, OJO MOSES OKE, USMAN ITAKURE ABDULKADIR, NKECHI AUGUSTINA OLISE, ADEWALE ADEGBOYEGA OKE, EMMANUEL OJEIDELEKO AKHAUMERE, BABATUNDE ISHOLA GABRIEL ADEJUMO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF BUCHHOLZIA CORIACEA IN MODULATING HAEMATOLOGICAL AND ELECTROLYTE PARAMETERS IN DIABETIC RATS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycemia and various systemic complications. This study investigated the potential therapeutic effects of methanolic and flavonoid-rich extracts of Buchholzia coriacea leaves on haematological and electrolyte parameters in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A total of 30 male albino rats were divided into six groups: negative control, positive control, metformin-treated group (50 mg/kg), flavonoid-rich extract-treated groups (60 and 100 mg/kg), and methanolic extract-treated group (100 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg/kg body weight). The extracts were orally administered for two weeks, and various haematological and electrolyte indices were analyzed. Results showed that the methanolic extract at 100 mg/kg significantly improved kidney electrolytes and serum electrolyte balance, particularly Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻. Haematological analysis revealed that the flavonoid-rich extract at 60 mg/kg significantly increased platelet count and maintained white blood cell balance, indicating immunomodulatory properties. These findings suggest that methanolic and flavonoid-rich extracts of B. coriacea may offer therapeutic potential for managing diabetes-related complications, such as immune dysregulation and electrolytes imbalance. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for these effects and explore their mechanisms of action.
Copyright (c) 2025 REGINA TEMITOPE OROLE, OLUWAGBENGA JOHN OGUNBIYI, AKINDELE FAKOYA, AUGUSTINE OLUSEGUN OLUSOLA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PHYLLANTHUS MUELLERIANUS ROOT EXTRACTS: PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON TISSUES IN LETROZOLE-INDUCED RATS
The histopathological evaluation of kidney, liver, and heart tissues was conducted to investigate the protective and toxicological effects of aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Phyllanthus muellerianus in rats administered letrozole (LTZ). LTZ-induced damage was characterized by hemorrhagic changes, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney, liver, and heart tissues. Treatment with 30 mg/kg body weight of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed marked restoration of normal histological features, particularly in the kidney and heart, with reduced cellular degeneration and inflammation. However, higher doses (60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) exhibited variable outcomes, including focal necrosis, hemorrhagic lesions, and inflammatory aggregates, particularly in the liver and kidney tissues. These findings highlight the dose-dependent therapeutic and toxicological effects of P. muellerianus root extracts, with lower doses demonstrating significant protective potential against LTZ-induced organ damage. The study underscores the importance of dose optimization in harnessing the therapeutic benefits of P. muellerianus while minimizing potential toxicities. Further research is recommended to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and their implications for clinical application.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUWAGBENGA JOHN OGUNBIYI, ARINZE COLLINS CHUKWUEZIE, EMMANUEL ENOH, ROTIMI JUDE JEGEDE, EGHOSA IGHARO, HARRISON EKHORSEYE IYARE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RISK FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (BRAIN STROKE): DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), commonly referred to as strokes, represent a significant global health challenge, accounting for a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality. In addition to these well-established risk factors, emerging research points to the importance of psychological factors in stroke risk. To analyze risk factors associated with cerebrovascular accidents in a cohort of patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over two years. This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional design to investigate the demographic characteristics, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and associated psychological factors. Data were collected from clinical records, which provided detailed information on each patient's medical history, including pre-existing conditions, medications, and previous hospitalizations. Data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS ) to identify associations between various risk factors and the incidence of stroke. A total of 150 patients were included in the study, comprising 85 males and 65 females. The prevalence of angina pectoris (16.5%) and myocardial infarction (7.1%) was higher than that of females, who reported 9.2% and 6.2%, respectively. The study's findings reveal notable gender disparities in health indicators, which align with existing literature and provide insights into the unique health challenges faced by males or females regarding cardiovascular health. Gender disparities are associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which underscores the need for targeted interventions and further research that explores the underlying mechanisms driving gender disparity in chronic diseases. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of psychological factors and the predominant types of strokes diagnosed in the sample population.
Copyright (c) 2025 IRFAN ABDULAZAHRAA ANI, AHMED LATEEF ALKHAQANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DIARRHEA TRANSMISSION WITH CAMPAIGN-BASED CONTROL MEASURE AND TREATMENT
The SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) model is a well-established framework for examining the spread of infectious diseases, including diarrhea. This study enhances the traditional SEIR model by incorporating a campaign parameter including hygiene practices, environmental cleanliness, and waste management, as a control measure to assess its effectiveness in managing diarrheal disease outbreaks. The model's stability was analyzed, and the basic reproduction number (R0) was derived using the next-generation matrix method. Findings indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0<1 suggesting that the infection can be controlled within the population. Conversely, when R0<1 the equilibrium is unstable, indicating continued spread of the infection. Results emphasize that improving hygiene practices, environmental cleanliness, avoiding contaminated food product and waste management significantly reduces exposure among susceptible individuals, thereby decreasing the infection rate and enhancing recovery. Forward sensitivity analysis highlights the critical factors affecting disease transmission, underscoring the need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of public health campaigns and other epidemiological measures in controlling diarrheal outbreaks, offering valuable insights for public health policy and strategic resource allocation.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLOPADE ISAAC ADESOLA, NKPE-ENAMHE GRACE UWAUNYIN, OLAREWAJU PHILIP OLADAPO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPROVING ECG DIAGNOSIS ACCURACY THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF P-WAVES USING DIGITIZER SOFTWARE
This experimental study utilized secondary data derived from ECG images representing five distinct P-wave conditions: Normal, Absent, Inverted, Left atrial enlargement, and Right atrial enlargement. The analysis of these data involved a series of six processing stages, beginning with denoising and digitization using Origin Pro Software to ensure clarity and precision of the images. Following this, both manual and automated point selection techniques were employed to extract key features for further analysis. Key metrics, including the amplitude, time, and angles for each P-wave, were then examined. These were crucial in identifying significant differences between normal and abnormal P-waves, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of the variations in the ECG patterns. In addition to these analyses, the study introduced two novel diagnostic scoring models, named after the researcher as Maaz’s scoring criteria, which were based on a combination of P-wave time, amplitude, and angle measurements. These scoring models present a new and promising approach to improving the accuracy and reliability of ECG diagnostics by offering a comprehensive framework for evaluating P-wave abnormalities. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the diagnostic process, contributing to the development of more robust and reliable methods for detecting abnormal P-wave patterns and advancing the overall field of electrocardiography.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD MAAZ ARIF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEALTH PRODUCTS STORAGE: COLD CHAIN AND DRY STORAGE ASSESSMENT IN NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA
The study assesses the capacity and efficiency of health facilities in Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria, to store health products that require both cold chain and dry storage. This survey-based research was conducted across randomly selected health service delivery points in all 34 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Katsina State. Eleven data collectors, trained on the adapted USAID|DELIVER Project’s Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT), evaluated storage conditions at 314 health facilities. Six cold chain and seventeen dry storage indicators were assessed. Findings reveal better infrastructure for dry storage than cold storage. While 72-91% of facilities met most dry storage indicators, only 39% had accessible fire safety equipment. For cold storage, just 23% of facilities had electricity during the visit, 36% had functional refrigerators, and 13% maintained liquefied petroleum gas supplies for backup. Health facilities in Katsina State face challenges, particularly in cold chain storage. Investments in reliable power sources and fire safety are recommended to improve storage conditions and safeguard public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 KABIRU GULMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACHIEVING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS: ANALYZING 2023 LGAS ANNUAL OPERATIONAL PLANS IN NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Effective implementation of Annual Operational Plans (AOP) is critical for achieving health system goals, particularly in decentralized governance structures. This study evaluates the 2023 implementation of AOPs across 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria to identify performance trends, strengths, and challenges. A tracking methodology was employed, involving five data collectors assigned to geographically clustered LGAs. Data collectors engaged directly with Local Government Health Authority (LGHA) members during monthly sessions to track implementation progress using a structured Google Sheets-based tracker. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted to assess implementation rates across LGAs and operational planning pillars. The average implementation rates across LGAs ranged from 79% in Zuru to 94% in Bagudo, with most LGAs achieving over 80%. Pillar-specific analysis revealed high performance in Health Promotion (96%) and Leadership and Governance (94%), while Partnership for Health and Public Health Emergencies lagged at 67%. Funding contributions from various stakeholders demonstrated strong collaboration, with key insights pointing to geographic disparities and systemic challenges in underperforming areas. The findings highlight significant achievements in the implementation of the 2023 AOP while uncovering critical areas requiring attention, particularly in infrastructure and partnerships. These insights provide a robust foundation for improving planning and resource allocation in future cycles, contributing to the sustainability of primary healthcare services.
Copyright (c) 2025 KABIRU GULMA, TIJJANI UMAR, ALIYU MOHAMMED, MUSA MAGANA, HAMZA SADIQ, MUHAMMAD WAZIRI, NUHU SHEHU HUSSAINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH OF COAL MINING SECTOR USING SIKAP IN EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
The work accident and potential hazard reporting system is important to improve the performance of occupational safety and health (OSH). A work accident and potential hazard reporting system is needed in the form of the SIKAP (Information System for Occupational Accidents, Occupational Diseases and Potential Hazards) application which is expected to be able to improve OSH performance in the coal mining sector. The research design used is a Mixed Method with the Embedded Design type. The research sample was 167 workers in the mining unit, while the informants consisted of workers and those responsible for the company's OSH unit. The selection of worker informants was carried out using Purposive. The effect of digitalization of work accident reporting on OSH performance was analyzed using the Safe-T Score (STS) test. Based on the results of mathematical calculations using the STS formula, the STS value is -0.59 <-2, which means that the company's OSH performance has increased after using the SIKAP application through worker participation. The company's OSH performance has increased twofold to reduce cases of work accidents. This is indicated by a decrease in the number of work accidents from 20 cases before using the application to 10 cases after using the SIKAP application. Digitalization of reporting of work accidents and potential hazards using the SIKAP application has an impact on the OSH performance of the coal mining sector in East Kalimantan.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD SULTAN, DJOKO SETYADI, IWAN MUHAMAD RAMDAN, HAVILUDDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF ANALGESIC USE AMONG OUTPATIENTS IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL, KELANTAN
Most of the outpatient community has access to analgesic medication, especially over-the-counter analgesic medication. Both prescribed and non-prescribed analgesic medication should be consumed correctly to prevent it from being abuse. Therefore, this study aims to determine knowledge and attitudes toward analgesic use among outpatients in a teaching hospital in Kelantan. A total of 220 participants from the outpatient community at a teaching hospital, Kelantan, were involved in this study by answering the self-administered questionnaire. This study is a cross-sectional study. The collected data was analysed through SPSS version 27.0. The level of knowledge and the level of attitude of analgesic use were identified using descriptive statistics. Unexpectedly, most of the outpatient community at the teaching hospital have a fair level of knowledge and fair level of attitude toward analgesic use, with 52.3% and 46.4%, respectively. Regardless of the findings, appropriate actions and strategies should be taken immediately to solve these issues and improve the knowledge and the attitude toward analgesic use in outpatient community settings so that the community have a better understanding and good attitude toward analgesic use and consumption in the correct ways.
Copyright (c) 2025 SITI RASHIDA SAHREL, NUR ADIBAH SOLIHIN SULAIMAN, NOR HASMAH MOHD ZAIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WOMEN’S INTENSITY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE COMPARED TO MEN IN BANGLADESH
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are strongly connected with human mortality and morbidity. Bangladesh has a high rate of chronic illnesses. Global efforts for women's health are mostly focused on improving sexual and reproductive health. The purpose of this study is to determine the severity of Noncommunicable diseases in women by comparing risk variables by gender. Between February and May 2023, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken to identify the baseline status of Noncommunicable disease risk variables among men and women over the age of 35 in chosen intervention and control locations in rural Bangladesh as part of a noncommunicable diseases project. We conducted blood pressure and anthropometric assessments on 100 men and 100 women using the World Health Organization STEPS questionnaire and normal operating procedures. We performed a descriptive analysis with SPSS Statistics 20.0. According to the findings, 75% of males are married, 5% are single, and 20% of women are widowed. Approximately 46% are working women. Women had a greater prevalence than males of lack of physical activity (28% vs 72%), overweight and obesity (45% vs 55%), excessive waist circumference (21% vs 79%), Noncommunicable diseases (35% vs 65%), and uncontrolled diabetes mellites after medication (47% vs 53%). Women are less likely than males to seek medical treatment (83% vs 17%), have self-reported ailments (69% vs 31%), consume fruits and vegetables (77% vs 23%), or use medicines (59% vs 41%). Women are more likely to suffer from anxiety (67%) and depression (86%). In Bangladesh, women have a greater incidence of certain behavioral and clinical risk factors than males. A thorough assessment of such differences between men and women might increase knowledge of situations and help health providers and policymakers optimize preventative policies to reduce the global illness burden more effectively in both men and women.
Copyright (c) 2024 NUSRAT NOBI, M F K AL MANNAH, HALIMA AKTER https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0