APAI POLYMORPHISM FREQUENCIES AND PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Keywords:
PSA, VDR gene polymorphisms, ApaI polymorphism, PCaAbstract
Prostate cancer is the third most common malignancy in Pakistani males. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been a subject of extensive pharmacogenetic research recently. Association studies between different types of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa) and VDR gene polymorphism have also great importance. Vitamin D has an anticancer effect, so VDR gene polymorphisms have got much attention. It is proposed that vitamin D deficiency may underlie the major risk factors for prostate cancer, including age, black race and genetic variation in vitamin D-binding protein. Clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer can be done by PSA and biopsy. The clinical diagnosis does not provide a definitive diagnosis of progression of PCa. Most common symptoms of prostate cancer are Nocturia (increased urination at night), difficulty in urination, Hematuria (blood in urine), and Dysuria (frequent and painful urination). It may influence sexual function, for instance, trouble in accomplishing an erection or agonizing discharge. Advance prostate cancer may spread to other organs of the body, causing pain in pelvis or ribs. In Benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate enlarges and cause urinary symptoms. Diagnosis of prostate cancer can be done by needle biopsy or DRE (digital rectal examination). In benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia (BPH), prostate continues to enlarge over time. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein, produced by epithelial prostate cells and is unique to the prostate gland. We found ApaI CC genotypes to increase the prostate cancer risk while CA and AA show less than 50% association with the disease. ApaI polymorphism has a strong correlation with PCa than TaqI. Different VDR gene polymorphisms seem to have an association with the PCa but not consistent with other ethnic groups.
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