Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) is a multi-disciplinary with double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishes across the entire field, to advance our knowledge of our nature world and its various intersections with society. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in Medical and Health Sciences includes dentistry, immunology and microbiology, medicine, neuroscience, nursing, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics, biological sciences, life sciences, as well as education and educational research in medical and health sciences. Abstract and Indexing: Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; and many more.
MEASURING EMPLOYABILITY AMONG SPORTS GRADUATES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN MALAYSIA
Graduate employability remains a central concern for higher education institutions as labour markets increasingly demand graduates who can demonstrate adaptable capabilities and workplace-ready competencies. This study examined the level of employability among sports graduates from Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed involving 369 employed sports graduates from five campuses. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of 20 items measuring employability through capabilities and competencies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, with mean scores used to determine the level of employability among respondents. The findings revealed a high level of employability among respondents, indicating that sports graduates perceived themselves as possessing strong attributes for workplace participation, including adaptability, communication, problem-solving, learning readiness, and professional competence. This suggests that their academic preparation and employment exposure may have supported the development of employability attributes aligned with organizational expectations. The study contributes empirical evidence to graduate employability research by providing a focused profile of sports graduates within the Malaysian higher education context. Practically, the findings offer useful guidance for universities, employers, and policymakers in strengthening curriculum design, career development initiatives, and graduate support programmes. Future research should examine employability across disciplines, institutions, and employment sectors to provide a broader understanding of graduate readiness in changing labour markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 NUR SYAZWANI ZULAIKHA SAFWAN, MOHAMAD FIRDAUS AHMAD, ELLAIL AIN MOHD AZNAN, SITI SARA IBRAHIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN MANAGING THYROID ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION WITH THYMOMA
Head and neck arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare lesions. They are mostly congenital and tend to progress with age. Despite being rare, they can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. We highlight the case of a 23-year-old lady diagnosed preoperatively with thyroid AVM following unsuspecting symptoms through multidisciplinary team approach. A 23-year-old lady initially presented with hemoptysis, anterior neck swelling and obstructive symptoms. She was investigated for tuberculosis and autoimmune thyroid disorders, but all tests came back negative. Thymoma workup came back positive and she was planned for surgery under the cardiothoracic team. Clinically we noted bruits over goiter. CT Angiogram of neck showed arteriovenous malformation from left superior thyroid artery to inferior thyroid artery. Embolectomy was performed under interventional radiologist over left thyroid AVM then proceeded with total thyroidectomy. Thymectomy was performed by the cardiothoracic team recently, which was uneventful. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are high-flow lesions which involve abnormal fistulous connections between arteries and veins without intervening capillary segments. They are more common in head and neck, with intracranial being most common. Schobinger clinical staging system is used to characterize AV malformations. This patient is classified as Stage 2. Despite successful angioembolization, intraoperatively we found a highly vascularized area surrounding bilateral thyroid glands, estimated blood loss amounted to 2L, requiring blood transfusion intraoperatively. This case emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary team involvement between endocrinologist, interventional radiologist, vascular surgeon, head and neck surgeon, endocrine surgeon & pathologist in determining the diagnosis and preparing the patient for operation.
Copyright (c) 2026 WEI HOONG YEE, ZER LIANG NG, KAH YEE HO, ASWINI BALA KRISHNAN, NIK AMIN SAHID NIK LAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLANT-BASED BREAST RECONSTRUCTION OUTCOMES USING BREAST-Q IN NORTH BORNEO MALAYSIA: A SINGLE-CENTRE STUDY
Implant based reconstruction had been used for centuries and was popularised by western country since 1964. Being a developing country, this oncoplastic technique is slowly gained trust and accepted by our people. In North Borneo Malaysia especially where the people generally are more conservative when it comes to breast cancer treatment, it takes longer time for this technique to be chosen and accepted by them. This paper aim to highlight our early experienced as the only breast and endocrine unit for whole North Borneo, Malaysia, with implant-based breast reconstruction following mastectomy in our breast cancer patient. Data was retrospectively analysed from 2017 till 2023. Total of 35 patients were enrolled in this study. Each of them was given BREAST Q questionnaire during follow up to assess patient satisfaction. Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of patient was 40-year-old with most of them had early breast cancer. 46% (n=14) had received radiotherapy. Small percentage of the patient developed surgical site infection after reconstruction that required longer antibiotics and one of them needs re-operation for open drainage. In assessment of quality of life, more than 70% of patient give score of 75-100 for satisfaction with implant, psychosocial and physical well-being. However, in patient who received radiotherapy, the mean scores were much lower compared to those who did not received radiotherapy. Implant-based reconstruction had low complications and give high satisfaction with surgical outcome among patient in North Borneo Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 SURITA SAID, LEE CHANG HAUR, SITI ZUBAIDAH SHARIF, NIK AMIN SAHID NIK LAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF BREAST: A RARE CLINICAL ENTITY
The incidence of melanoma is very low in Asian country especially in Malaysia. Primary malignant melanoma of breast is even rarer, account for less than 5% of all melanomas. The breast can be a site for primary malignant melanomas arising from the overlying skin, primary non-cutaneous melanomas or metastatic lesions from other primary cutaneous sites. This paper aims to highlight our management strategy on manging a middle-aged woman with breast melanoma and raise awareness about this rare breast tumours. We present a case of 49 years old lady with primary malignant melanoma of the right breast. The patient presented to the clinic with a large palpable right breast lump extending to right axilla for almost 1 year. Otherwise, the physical examination shows no suspicious mole or skin lesions at the upper trunk or extremities as well as lower extremities. However, her final histopathology report from the core needle biopsy revealed a malignant melanoma of the breast. We review the relevant literature and a discussion regarding guidelines available for diagnosis, follow-up and surveillance of this rare case. The prognosis for patients with this rare tumour of the breast is somewhat poor. Early diagnosis, timely and precise comprehensive treatment, including surgical intervention, along with adjuvant therapy are the key procedures that may improve the patient survival rate.
Copyright (c) 2026 NURSHUHADAH JAAFAR, SHAFORA BIBI SAMRI, IZZATUL AINI MOHD IDRIS, SITI ZUBAIDAH SHARIFF, AHMAD ZAKI MANOH, NIK AMIN SAHID NIK LAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN ITALY: A SYSTEMATIC AND POLICY ORIENTED ANALYSIS
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly recognized as one of the most pressing challenges facing modern healthcare systems. Italy provides a particularly interesting case within Europe, as it continues to experience relatively high levels of antibiotic consumption alongside significant rates of resistance. This paper explores the issue from a broader perspective, moving beyond clinical explanations to consider the role of healthcare organization, policy frameworks, and social behavior. The study is based on a qualitative review of scientific literature, institutional reports, and publicly available data. The findings suggest that AMR in Italy is closely linked to structural factors, including regional disparities in healthcare performance, differences in prescribing practices, and uneven implementation of national policies. While recent initiatives, such as national action plans and stewardship programs, have improved awareness and monitoring, their impact has not been uniform across the country. Overall, the Italian case highlights the need for coordinated strategies that combine regulation, education, and institutional support. Addressing AMR effectively requires not only better clinical practices, but also stronger alignment between national policies and local realities.
Copyright (c) 2026 RASELDA RUSTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERDISCIPLINARY ORTHODONTIC-RESTORATIVE MANAGEMENT OF MAXILLARY ANTERIOR AESTHETICS USING MINIMALLY INVASIVE CERAMIC VENEERS: CASE REPORT
Optimizing anterior dental aesthetics in partially edentulous patients presents a complex interplay of biological, functional, and aesthetic considerations. This case report critically examines an interdisciplinary approach integrating limited pre-prosthetic orthodontic alignment with minimally invasive lithium disilicate veneer rehabilitation to address malpositioned, rotated, and diastema-affected maxillary anterior teeth. A 30-year-old patient with incisal edge defects and progressive midline diastema underwent sectional orthodontic alignment to correct rotations and optimize spatial distribution, minimizing enamel reduction and enhancing adhesive bonding for definitive restorations. Subsequent fabrication and placement of veneers, complemented by targeted composite resin build-ups, achieved harmonious aesthetic integration while preserving tooth structure. Post-treatment retention with an upper Essix retainer ensured stability and mitigated relapse risks. This approach demonstrates that judicious orthodontic intervention can expand restorative possibilities, allowing conservative management without compromising functional or aesthetic outcomes. The report underscores the critical importance of treatment sequencing, biological preservation, and interdisciplinary collaboration in contemporary anterior rehabilitation. By situating orthodontics as an enabling modality rather than a peripheral adjunct, the case illustrates how precision in pre-restorative alignment directly influences long-term predictability, structural integrity, and patient-centered outcomes. These findings advocate for broader adoption of integrative protocols, challenging conventional reliance on restorative compensation alone, and provide a model for evidence-informed, minimally invasive anterior aesthetic dentistry.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHD KHAIRUL FIRDAUS MAZLAN, I’UDZURI MD JAZAM, WOEI LI KOAY, MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ ABDUL RAZAK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OXIDATIVE STRESS MITIGATION AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION RESTORATION VIA COSTUS AFER IN DIABETIC MICE
Diabetes mellitus has consistently been a chronic metabolic disorder that is strongly linked with disorders of the male reproductive system. This disorder is commonly due to oxidative stress–induced testicular damage. Persistent hyperglycaemia has been well documented as one factor that promotes the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to lipid peroxidation, antioxidant depletion, and impaired spermatogenesis. This study examined the oxidative stress–mediated reproductive dysfunction and the modulatory role of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Costus afer in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Thirty (30) adult male Swiss albino mice were allocated into five groups (n = 6) using random samoling technique. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally using streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were orally given either metformin (100 mg/kg) or hydromethanolic leaf extract of C. afer (200 and 400 mg/kg) for a duration of 28 days. Fasting blood glucose was monitored, while testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed spectrophotometrically. Sperm count, motility, morphology, serum testosterone, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in persistent hyperglycemia, significantly elevated MDA levels, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased sperm count and motility, increased abnormal sperm morphology, and reduced testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05). Treatment with hydromethanolic leaf extract of C. afer significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, attenuated lipid peroxidation, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, improved sperm quality, increased testosterone levels, and ameliorated histopathological alterations in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), with the 400 mg/kg dose demonstrating effects comparable to metformin. Hydromethanolic leaf extract of C. afer effectively relieves oxidative stress–mediated reproductive dysfunction in diabetic mice. The findings provide experimental evidence supporting its antioxidant-driven protective role and highlight its potential as an adjunct therapeutic candidate in the management of diabetes-associated male infertility.
Copyright (c) 2026 GOGO JAMES OWO, KINGSLEY CHIMENE ENYINDAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DAILY CALORIE INTAKE, DIABETES AWARENESS AND BEHAVIORAL GAPS AMONG MALAYSIAN ASSISTANT MEDICAL OFFICERS
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases like Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is mostly attributable to lifestyle variables such as food and calorie consumption, which continue to be a big issue in world health. The objective of the study is to evaluate the average daily calorie intake based on gender, to evaluate knowledge as well as level of awareness regarding diabetes risk among Assistant Medical Officers (AMOs) employed at Hospital Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted by selecting samples among AMOs utilising a self-administered questionnaire encompassing sections on demographic information, dietary practices, and awareness of diabetes risk factors. The gathered data were examined to ascertain the correlation between calorie intake and levels of awareness. The present study found no significant difference in total daily calorie intake between male and female AMOs, which means that gender did not significantly affect average energy consumption amongst the sample population. Final data indicated that 90% respondents had a high level of awareness regarding diabetes risk factors. Final data have found a small, non-significant negative correlation between total daily calorie intake and awareness of diabetes risk factors among AMOs (ρ = −.289, p = .122). As conclusion, the study underscores the necessity for focused educational interventions and workplace health promotion initiatives to improve dietary habits and elevate diabetes risk knowledge among healthcare professionals. These kinds of programs are important not just for improving one's own health, but also for providing a good example in patient care and community health promotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 MELLY FELICIA ROBERT, RAYMOND MAXLOND SIPAIL, MELONNEY PATRICK, RHANYE MAC GUAD, JAEYRES JANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSOCIATION OF SERUM CORTISOL AND SERUM PROTEIN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS
The intricate interplay between hormonal and metabolic factors in post-maturity women with T2DM demands a comprehensive understanding of their interrelationships. This study delves into the connotation between serum cortisol and serum protein levels in postmenopausal women with T2DM, revealing significant insights. Elevated serum cortisol levels are linked to increased serum protein concentrations, indicating a connection to underlying inflammatory processes. This relationship highlights the multifaceted nature of diabetes in this demographic, where hormonal imbalances and chronic inflammation play pivotal roles in disease progression. In this study, hormonal and inflammatory factors need to be considered when assessing and managing T2DM in postmenopausal women. Elevated cortisol not only exacerbates metabolic dysfunction but also promotes a pro-inflammatory state, contributing to amplified levels of acute-phase proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP). These markers of inflammation are linked to cardiovascular diseases and microvascular complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. By advancing our understanding of the association between serum cortisol, serum proteins, and T2DM, we can develop more targeted interventions. Addressing these factors through lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and stress management techniques can significantly mitigate the adverse effects, ultimately helping to prevent cardiovascular and microvascular complications. This holistic approach is crucial for improving the overall well-being and value of lifespan in postmenopausal females with T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 D S SHREENDHHI SIVAKUMAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ALKALOID AND FLAVONOID CONTENT OF PTEROCARPUS SANTALINOIDES: EFFECTS ON PANCREATIC BIOCHEMISTRY IN MICE
Pancreatitis is a disorder caused by oxidative and inflammatory damage to pancreatic tissues, leading to biochemical and functional abnormalities. Phytochemicals, including alkaloids and flavonoids, are acknowledged for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to analyse the total alkaloid and total flavonoid concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots of Pterocarpus santalinoides (Nturukpa) and assess their effects on pancreatic biochemical indicators in mice with caerulein-induced pancreatitis. The hydroethanolic extracts of the plant parts were quantitatively analysed for alkaloids and flavonoids. Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice with consecutive caerulein injections. The extracts were administered orally for a period of 21 days. The levels of pancreatic insulin, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory markers were evaluated. The stem extracts demonstrated the greatest quantities of alkaloids and flavonoids, followed by the leaf extracts, while the root extracts shown much lower levels. The administration of caerulein caused considerable oxidative stress, inflammation, and a reduction in pancreatic insulin levels. Treatment with the standard drug (ocreotide) and stem and leaf extracts significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and inflammation, and increased insulin levels (p < 0.05). P. santalinoides, particularly its stem and leaf fractions, mitigates caerulein-induced pancreatic biochemical disruptions via alkaloid- and flavonoid-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 GOGO JAMES OWO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF VALUE ATTACHED TO RELIGION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING IN KERALA STATE, INDIA
This study examines how the internalisation of religious values shapes psychological wellbeing in a multireligious social context, drawing on comparative evidence from Muslims and Hindus in Kerala, India. Using survey data from a randomly selected sample of 200 adults (100 Muslims and 100 Hindus), the study investigates the association between value attachment to religion, levels of religiosity, and self-reported psychological wellbeing, while controlling for basic sociodemographic factors. Religious value orientation was operationalised as the extent to which individuals cognitively and behaviourally integrate religious norms into everyday decision-making and moral reasoning. The findings reveal pronounced interreligious and intra-religious variation. Muslims reported significantly stronger and more uniform attachment to religious values across most dimensions, alongside consistently high religiosity and psychological wellbeing. Among Hindus, value attachment and wellbeing outcomes were more heterogeneous and strongly differentiated by individual religiosity levels. These patterns suggest that psychological wellbeing is less a function of religious affiliation per se than of the degree to which religious values are coherently internalised and experienced as meaningful, stable frameworks for life interpretation and action. Importantly, the results challenge deficit-oriented assumptions that highly structured or obligatory religious systems necessarily generate psychological strain. Instead, when religious values are deeply internalised and socially reinforced, they may operate as psychosocial resources that enhance perceived control, coherence, and emotional regulation. By conceptualising religion as a lived value system rather than a static belief category, this study contributes to interdisciplinary debates on religion, wellbeing, and mental health, and highlights the importance of contextual, relational, and meaning-based pathways linking religiosity to psychological outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 MADHAVA CHANDRAN, VISWANATHAN NAIR, AJITH NAIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE ELDERLY AT OKEHI’S MEDICAL OUTREACH
Globally the health burden of older adults is growing and the rural areas are equally affected. Knowledge of the health status of the elderly in any locale will enable proper management of their health.The aims is to evaluate the health status of the elderly in Okehi, town in Etche Local Government area in Rivers State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of older adults who attended a two day medical outreach at Okehi, Etche in Rivers State which took place from 25th to 26th July 2023. The elderly constituted 25.4% of those who attended the medical outreach. Females showed a slight preponderance constituting 53.2% of the older adult population at the outreach. The modal age group was 65-74 (45.1%). Majority of the persons were farmers (59.1%), married (79.2%) and most (51.4%) had at least primary school education. Malaria (13.4%) arthritis (13.9%), hypertension (23.5%) and eye disorders (24.6%) were the highest morbidity participants. A great number (74.1%) had at least two morbidities while about 5.7% of them had no obvious medical challenges. Majority of the older adults at Okehi, Etche had multiple morbidities. Health care in the rural areas should be prioritised.
Copyright (c) 2025 EKECHI STELLA AMADI, WOROMA WONODI, ERINMA FORTUNA PEPPLE, ESEOGHENE GBOGIDI, OLUKUMNI IJERUH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MULTIMETHOD TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF SUICIDE AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN JAMAICA (1980-2024)
Suicide remains a significant public health challenge in Jamaica, yet its macro-level determinants are underexplored within a longitudinal framework. This study employs a multimethod quantitative design to investigate the effects of GDP per Capita, rape incidence, political governance, and life expectancy on suicide rates in Jamaica between 1980 and 2024. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables (ARIMAX), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the research examines direct and temporal associations among the selected variables. Findings from the OLS regression indicate that GDP per Capita and life expectancy are negatively associated with suicide rates, while rape incidence shows a significant positive relationship. ARIMAX analysis confirms these patterns, revealing lagged effects of GDP and rape on suicide, suggesting that improvements in economic conditions and reductions in violent crime yield delayed but significant benefits for mental health outcomes. SEM results further demonstrate that GDP per Capita exerts both direct and indirect effects on suicide through life expectancy, highlighting a mediating role of health in the economic-suicide nexus. This research underscores the importance of a multidimensional policy approach that integrates economic development, violence prevention, and public health improvement in efforts to reduce suicide in Jamaica. The findings hold critical implications for national mental health strategies and suggest that suicide prevention should be embedded within broader socioeconomic planning. Future studies should incorporate mental health service accessibility and cultural stigma as additional explanatory variables to enhance understanding.
Copyright (c) 2025 PAUL ANDREW BOURNE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN A SPECIALIST UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behaviour. The prevalence of ASD is rising globally, necessitating greater awareness and knowledge among parents to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention. Parents play a crucial role as primary caregivers in recognising ASD symptoms and ensuring their children receive appropriate healthcare. This study aimed to assess the level of ASD knowledge among parents at a specialist university hospital in Kelantan and examine the association between demographic factors and ASD knowledge. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 94 parents who did not have an autistic child and were not from a medical profession. The knowledge scores were categorised into low, medium, and high levels. Results indicated that 63.8% of respondents had moderate knowledge of ASD, 34% had low knowledge, and only 2.1% demonstrated a high level of knowledge. Gender (p = 0.008), educational level (p = 0.002), and monthly income (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with knowledge of ASD. These findings highlight the influence of socio-economic status and education on parental understanding of ASD. The study's limitations include the use of convenience sampling and an overrepresentation of mothers. Future research should incorporate a more diverse sample and explore additional sociodemographic variables to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing ASD knowledge. Improving parental awareness through targeted interventions is essential for enhancing early diagnosis and intervention outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 NAZIHAH MOHMAD DIAH, NUR ADIBAH SOLIHIN SULAIMAN SULAIMAN, NOOR SHUHADA SALLEH, NORHASMAH MOHD ZAIN, YASHENI SAMBANTHAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRENDS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG POPULATION TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN MALAYSIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasing public health challenge in Malaysia, with national data showing a substantial rise in prevalence over the past decade. Of particular concern is the growing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus among younger populations, which is associated with longer disease duration and a higher risk of complications. However, existing evidence remains fragmented due to heterogeneity in study designs and variations in the definitions of young populations. This systematic literature review aimed to synthesise available evidence on the trends and characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus among young populations in Malaysia, focusing on prevalence patterns, demographic and ethnic disparities, clinical characteristics, complications, and associated risk factors. A systematic literature review was conducted using secondary data from a precompiled evidence report generated through a semantic search of the academic literature. Studies were screened using predefined eligibility criteria for the age of the population, study design, and relevance to the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Eighteen studies published between 2016 and 2025 were included. Due to substantial heterogeneity across studies, findings were synthesised using a narrative approach. The review identified a consistent upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia, increasing from approximately 11–12% in the mid-2000s to 18.3% in 2019. Among younger populations, prevalence more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, with cases accounting for 11.0%-37.5% of all patients, depending on the study setting. Young population disease was characterised by higher obesity prevalence, poorer glycaemic control, and earlier development of microvascular complications. It marked ethnic disparities, with individuals of Indian ethnicity consistently exhibiting the highest prevalence. This review demonstrates a rapidly increasing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus among young populations in Malaysia, characterised by adverse clinical profiles and significant demographic disparities.
Copyright (c) 2026 JOHARI DAUD MAKAJIL, DWI AGUSTINA, M Fahrin Azhar, MUTHMAINNAH MUTHMAINNAH, WINDA MAOLINDA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRATEGIES FOR EMPOWERMENT OF NUTRITION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN: A SCOPING REVIEW
School-age children are in a critical stage of physical and cognitive development, and adequate nutrition is essential for achieving their full potential. Malnutrition during this period has immediate effects on growth, learning, and mental health, and long-term consequences for adult productivity and public health. While schools remain important entry points for nutrition interventions, sustainable improvements often depend on public health initiatives that target interventions through parental involvement, community engagement and empowerment and also policy settings. However, evidence on which strategies are most effective in shaping a conducive nutritional environment for school children remains limited. This review aimed to explore existing evidence on strategies for community empowerment to improve nutrition among school children. A scoping review was conducted using literature from Scopus and Science Direct. Six studies published from 2018-2023 were included, comprising quasi-experimental designs, randomized controlled trial, qualitative study, and case study. Articles were selected if they assessed community-based strategies addressing nutrition in school-age children. Three key strategies emerged; (i) children’s direct involvement in shaping their food choices, (ii) community engagement and empowerment in planning and delivering interventions, and (iii) school food programmes that provided structured nutrition support. These approaches demonstrated positive impacts on children’s nutritional status, knowledge, and dietary behaviours, with community ownership enhancing sustainability. Community empowerment strategies show promise in addressing school-age nutrition by improving dietary intake and fostering long-term health benefits. Successful interventions should be culturally sensitive, economically viable, and designed for sustainability. Future research should evaluate large-scale implementation and policy integration to maximize public health impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 WAN HAFIZU NAZRIN WAN MOHAMAD LOTFI, AZULAIKHA ALIAS, NURLIYANA AZHAR, KHALID MOKTI, FUIC CHEE WOON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION OF SIDE EFFECTS OF ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ON KIDNEY ENZYMATICS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes hyperglycemia and requires long-term treatment that carries the risk of side effects, including decreased kidney function. The study aims to determine the affinity and binding values between oral antidiabetic drugs and target proteins, as well as to computationally predict the toxicity and side effects of these drugs on renal enzymes using molecular docking and the Toxtree application. This study employs the molecular docking method to predict interactions and affinities between test compounds of oral antidiabetic drugs and target proteins. The affinity values of oral antidiabetic drugs toward ACE were as follows: Glimepiride -2.2 kcal/mol, Repaglinide 2.9 kcal/mol, Metformin -2.3 kcal/mol, Pioglitazone -2.0 kcal/mol, Acarbose 16.3 kcal/mol, Sitagliptin -1.9 kcal/mol, Dapagliflozin 0 kcal/mol, for the VDR protein: Glimepiride -11.2 kcal/mol, Repaglinide -8.1 kcal/mol, Metformin -5.1 kcal/mol, Pioglitazone -9.8 kcal/mol, Acarbose -7.6 kcal/mol, Sitagliptin -10.3 kcal/mol, Dapagliflozin -9.4 kcal/mol, on the EPOR protein: Glimepiride 16.0 kcal/mol, Repaglinide 0 kcal/mol, Metformin -3.3 kcal/mol, Pioglitazone -1.4 kcal/mol, Acarbose 14.2 kcal/mol, Sitagliptin -0.2 kcal/mol, Dapagliflozin -0.2 kcal/mol, on the COX-2 protein, namely Glimepiride -11.0 kcal/mol, Repaglinide -8.1 kcal/mol, Metformin -5.6 kcal/mol, Pioglitazone -9.1 kcal/mol, Acarbose -7.7 kcal/mol, Sitagliptin -9.7 kcal/mol, Dapagliflozin -8.5 kcal/mol. Based on computational analysis, Glimepiride and Sitagliptin exhibit the strongest and most stabel interactions, particularly with the VDR and COX-2 proteins, while Metformin and Dapagliflozin have lower affinities. Drug interactions with target proteins are dominated by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. It is predicted that oral antidiabetic drugs with side effects are Glimepiride and Sitagliptin.
Copyright (c) 2026 SITI PANDANWANGI, SUBAGJA, AHMAD AZRUL ZUNIARTO, SITI AISYAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNDERSTANDING COST PRIORITIES IN DOTS IMPLEMENTATION FOR TUBERCULOSIS: A CONSENSUS FROM PUBLIC HEALTHCARE PERSONNELS
Adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential for effective TB control. However, inadequate documentation of the specific cost drivers associated with the implementation of Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course (DOTS) in routine care hinders evidence-based resource planning. This study employed a modified nominal group technique with TB healthcare workers in Malaysian government healthcare facilities to reach consensus on essential cost factors in standard DOTS management for treatment adherence. Participants achieved agreement on six key cost domains, encompassing both provider and patient perspectives. These include investment in digital monitoring tools, staff fieldwork allowances, additional human resources, infrastructure support, patient financial support, and patient transportation. Digital DOTS tools, such as video-observed therapy, along with workforce incentives, have been identified as primary priorities. The findings offer valuable insights for health policymakers, emphasizing areas where targeted resource allocation can enhance cost-effectiveness and improve TB programme efficiency. The results provide a framework for optimizing tuberculosis programme budgets by clarifying cost priorities in DOTS implementation and guiding resource planning. The insights derived from consensus facilitate strategic policy decisions aimed at enhancing treatment adherence and ensuring the sustainability of tuberculosis control programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD AMIRUL SHAFIQ MOHD, NURHUDA ISMAIL, KHALID IBRAHIM, AMIR ZHARIF ADENAN, LENY SUZANA SUDDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATIVE COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CFTR MUTATIONS LINKED TO CYSTIC FIBROSIS
The CFTR gene encodes a chloride channel essential for epithelial ion transport, and deleterious nsSNPs are a major cause of cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting multiple systems, with symptoms including chronic cough, recurrent lung infections, bronchiectasis, reduced pulmonary function, pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, poor growth, salty-tasting skin, male infertility, liver disease, and diabetes. To date, over 4,000 CFTR mutations have been reported, with F508del being the most common, accounting for nearly 70% of cases. This study aimed to identify deleterious nsSNPs in the CFTR gene and evaluate their structural and functional impact using an integrative in silico pipeline. Additionally, molecular docking was performed to explore potential therapeutic modulators for cystic fibrosis. The NCBI database reported over 282,000 SNPs in CFTR, of which SNPnexus analysis identified 132 nsSNPs as highly deleterious. Furthermore, 30 nsSNPs were consistently predicted to be deleterious across 15 computational tools. Notably, variants such as I105N, K273Q, and G1249R demonstrated destabilizing effects, with RMSD values ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 Å, indicating substantial conformational alterations. Molecular docking revealed strong ligand interactions with both wild-type and mutant CFTR, particularly for apoptozole, Congo Red, NAD, melanin, and cAMP, while repurposed drugs such as nelfinavir and amprenavir demonstrated favorable binding, supporting their potential to rescue misfolded proteins. This integrative in silico study highlights 30 pathogenic CFTR nsSNPs with destabilizing structural effects and identifies potential modulators, providing a robust framework for experimental validation, drug repurposing, and personalized therapeutic strategies in cystic fibrosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBTSAM BILAL, NIMRA SARDAR, AMINA ISLAM, ALI NOMAN, KAINAT RAMZAN, MARIA PARVEEN, AYESHA WAHEED, MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN ALI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF OPERATING ROOM SUSTAINABILITY USING VISUAL MAPPING METHOD (2005-2025)
This study aims to comprehensively reveal the academic contributions, trends, and gaps of nurses and operating theatre nurses in the field of sustainability through a 20-year bibliometric analysis. In this bibliometric analysis, scientific articles published between 2005 and 2025 were scanned in the Web of Science database using the keyword “operating room sustainability”. Publication trends, citation networks, author collaborations, and global distributions were analysed bibliometrically using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix (R package). The findings obtained from this analysis were visualised and interpreted through graphs and tables. The analysis yielded 572 publications. A striking increase in publications at the intersection of nursing and sustainability has been observed over the past two decades. Research has particularly focused on energy efficiency, waste management, environmental awareness education, and the development of sustainable health policies. The greatest contributions were found to come from the USA, Canada, the UK, and Australia, with rising momentum observed in Turkey and some European countries. Collaboration networks indicate a rapid increase in multidisciplinary and systems-focused studies. Nurses are no longer merely caregivers but also advocates for planetary health. To strengthen this leadership role, practice-based research, policy innovation, and the integration of sustainability topics into nursing education are required. The findings from this bibliometric review provide a roadmap for building greener hospitals, resilient health systems, and a healthy planet.
Copyright (c) 2026 TULIN KURT ALKAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEYOND DYSPNEA: FRAILTY, KINESIOPHOBIA, FATIGUE, MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND FUNCTIONNAL DECLINE IN GERIATRIC COPD PATIENTS
This study aims to comprehensively evaluate and compare frailty, handgrip strength, physical activity, kinesiophobia, and fatigue in geriatric individuals with COPD and asymptomatic counterparts, and to investigate the specific impact of COPD on these clinical parameters. This study was completed with 25 older adults diagnosed with COPD and 25 asymptomatic elderly without a COPD diagnosis, selected from a total of 87 individuals who visited the Chest Diseases Clinic, were diagnosed with COPD, and agreed to participate in the study. The Fatigue Severity Scale was used to assess the fatigue levels of individuals, the TAMPA Scale of Kinesiophobia to evaluate kinesiophobia, the PRISMA-7 Frailty Test to determine frailty, the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) to assess physical activity levels, and the Handgrip Test to measure handgrip strength. A statistically significant difference was found between individuals with COPD and asymptomatic individuals in terms of fatigue severity level (t=7.157; p=0.000), TAMPA kinesiophobia level (t=6.506; p=0.000), PASE Physical Activity test (t=-4.199; p=0.000), Jamar Right Hand Strength test (t=-2.812; p=0.007), Jamar Left Hand Strength test (t=-2.419; p=0.019), and PRISMA-7 frailty test scores (χ²=10.27; p=0.001). Screening for frailty and kinesiophobia should be included in physiotherapy planning for geriatric COPD patients. Early and comprehensive evaluation of these domains is essential to guide targeted interventions, prevent functional decline, and improve overall quality of life in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 İLAYDA KARABAYIR, MERAL SERTEL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RATIONALITY OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE PRESCRIBING AND BLOOD PRESSURE PROFILE AT CIPAYUNG HEALTH CENTER DEPOK
Hypertension is one of the cardiovascular diseases that cause the highest mortality in the world and requires lifelong treatment, which in that long period of time allows irrational treatment. This study aims to evaluate the prescribing pattern and rationality of antihypertensive drugs which include the right indication, the right drug, the right patient, and the right dose, and analyze the blood pressure profile of hypertensive patients at the Cipayung Health Center Depok in 2023. This study is descriptive with Cross Sectional design and retrospective data collection through medical records. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling which was calculated using the slovin formula, 152 respondents met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the number of female patients was 117 patients (77%) more than male patients. The age of most respondents was ≥ 60 years old (55.3%). The description of the pattern of prescribing antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive patients at the Cipayung Health Center Depok in 2023 is Single 106 prescriptions (69.7%) and Combination 46 prescriptions (30.3%). Evaluation of the rationality of prescribing antihypertensive drugs obtained Rational (76.3%) and Not Rational (23.7%) results. Blood pressure profile of respondents with uncontrolled blood pressure 123 patients (80.9%) and controlled 29 patients (19.1%).
Copyright (c) 2026 ANNI KHOLILAH, LUSI AGUS SETIANI, NHADIRA NHESTRICIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND WATER QUALITY ON SETTING TIME OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Alginate impression materials remain as an essential tool in dental practice. Setting time variability has long frustrated clinicians, particularly in tropical climates where water temperatures fluctuate significantly. This study examined how water temperature and quality affect alginate setting time using rheological measurement techniques, aiming to establish practical guidelines for clinical use. This study assessed the normal-setting alginate using a calibrated rheometer (300 Pa shear stress). Water temperatures of 2°C, 23°C, and 32°C were evaluated using distilled water. Tap water was also tested against distilled water at 23°C. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse temperature effects, while t-tests compared water types. Temperature dramatically influenced setting times: 99.36±0.30s at 2°C, 85.18±0.77s at 23°C, and 71.34±1.06s at 32°C (p<0.001). Water quality showed smaller effects: 90.86±1.65s for distilled water versus 86.52±2.46s for tap water (p=0.178). Water temperature significantly affects alginate setting time, with each 10°C increase reducing setting time by approximately 14%. Water quality showed minimal impact under study conditions. These findings support implementing temperature control protocols for optimizing alginate working time in clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD SYAHMIE SULIMAN, NUR HAKIM HANAPHI, SITI HAJJAR NASIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN OVERVIEW OF FAECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION
Faecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) is a medical intervention in which stool from a healthy person is transplanted into another individual’s large intestine. This method is meant to help restore the normal microbiota of the recipient’s gut, including cases with dysbiosis due to recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and other gastrointestinal diseases. Though the procedural detail of FMT is complex, it has some fundamental biological concepts such as replantation of reduced microbial balance, pathogenic microorganism inhibition, regulation of immunity, and metabolite production. Moreover, the current regulation and future studies by professional bodies regarding synthetic microbiota and individualised FMT have exciting potential for improved therapeutic use; there is a need for more standardisation and safety measures on the practice. To maximize its clinical potential, we also focused on data for developing uniform guidelines, enhancing donor screening procedures, and ensuring safety and efficacy through rigorous study. As FMT applications expand beyond recurrent Clostridium difficile infection to include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and other microbiome-related conditions, advancements in personalized and synthetic microbiota therapies are expected to pave the way for their safer and more versatile use. Therefore, continuous exploration and strong regulatory frameworks are essential in unlocking the therapeutic potential of FMT while safeguarding patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 SOLOMON MATTHIAS GAMDE, ASIBOR DAVID OLUMESE, ODU STEPHEN IYEJE, ENEUDE TOCHUKWU FAITH, ABIGAIL BIYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON TRIDAX PROCUMBENS LIN
The highly promising species Tridax procumbens produces secondary metabolites that are said to have a number of medical applications, such as anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-anemic effects etc. Many communities have traditionally used this species in traditional ways. Tridax procumbens is a unique member of the Asteraceae family. Naturally occurring in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia, the plant is native to tropical America. The locals name it "Ghamara," which is also known as "coat buttons" in English. Some Ayurvedic practitioners prescribe it as "Bhringraj." Alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids (catechin and flavones), fumeric acid, fl-sitosterol, saponins, and tannins were all found throughout the phytochemical screening. Pharmacologically, Tridax procumbens is well known for its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, wound-healing, insecticidal, antidiabetic, hypotensive, immunomodulating, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, diarrhea, and prevention of hair loss by promoting hair growth. It also has antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular properties. This review is attempts to present phytochemical & pharmacologically use, significance of Tridax procumbens to treat, prevent the acute & chronic diseases, and also present Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of Tridax procumbence plant.
Copyright (c) 2025 MEGHA CHANDEL, ANSHUL DHIMAN, DEV PRAKASH DAHIYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROLE OF CYCLIC NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY IN THERMAL BURNS PATIENT
This article provides an in-depth examination of the evolution of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), with a particular focus on the cyclic mode, which offers a compelling alternative to continuous and intermittent NPWT. The cyclic NPWT system operates by maintaining sub-atmospheric pressure while oscillating between preset levels, never reaching zero, thereby enhancing local blood circulation and oxygenation at the wound site. The authors assert that this therapy provides superior microcirculation improvements compared to other NPWT methods, with the added benefit of being less painful for patients than the intermittent mode. A critical analysis of this approach highlights the transformative potential of cyclic NPWT in managing both acute and chronic wounds. The article positions cyclic NPWT as a more patient-friendly option that retains the efficacy of traditional intermittent NPWT without the discomfort associated with pressure fluctuations. These advantages are particularly significant for patients requiring long-term wound care, as the reduced pain and enhanced healing could improve patient compliance and overall outcomes. However, while promising, the research calls for further studies to validate the clinical superiority of cyclic NPWT in various settings. Long-term research is essential to assess its impact on granulation tissue formation, wound closure, and overall healing. The article also highlights limitations in current NPWT devices, emphasizing the need for more accessible and cost-effective solutions to optimize patient care in diverse healthcare environments. In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the field of wound care, suggesting that cyclic NPWT could become a cornerstone of modern wound healing practices by combining pain reduction with enhanced efficacy. Further clinical evidence and technological advancements are necessary to fully realize it’s potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 SRINIVASAN, RAVI KUMAR CHITTORIA, KANAV GUPTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL HETROCYCLIC MOLECULES CONTAINING NITROGEN
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles remain a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry because they combine structural diversity with tunable intermolecular interactions that govern receptor/enzyme recognition, solubility, and selectivity. Building on this rationale, the present work reports the design and synthesis of a focused series of pyrazole-linked thiazole hydrazones (P25–38), framed as lead-like scaffolds for multi-target bioactivity. The study’s strength lies in its emphasis on structure confirmation using complementary analytical platforms (FT-IR, ^1H/^13C-NMR, LC-MS, and CHNS elemental analysis), which collectively reduce ambiguity in scaffold assignment and support subsequent structure–activity interpretation. Representative spectral signatures: N–H stretching (~3320–3406 cm⁻¹), azomethine C=N bands (~1610–1615 cm⁻¹), diagnostic singlets for pyrazole-NH (~δ 11.8–11.9) and N=CH (~δ 8.1–8.2), and molecular ion consistency in MS; provide a coherent validation chain for the proposed hydrazone–thiazole–pyrazole framework. Biological screening indicates promising antimicrobial (and reported anti-inflammatory/anticancer) potential, with activity trends linked to electron-withdrawing aryl substituents. Notably, chloro/dichloro substitution patterns are repeatedly implicated as potency-enhancing features, suggesting that halogen-driven lipophilicity and electronic effects may improve target engagement and membrane permeability. The SAR discussion, while preliminary, points toward a practical optimisation pathway: systematic substituent modulation on the aryl rings to balance antibacterial efficacy with selectivity, alongside retaining hydrogen-donor motifs (e.g., C=N–NH) associated with antioxidant behaviour. Overall, the work positions these nitrogen-rich heterocycles as credible starting points for lead optimisation, but their translational value will ultimately depend on expanded bioassay panels, potency benchmarking, and mechanistic validation beyond single-point inhibition claims.
Copyright (c) 2025 ABHISHEK BHARDWAJ, OM PRAKASH AGRAWAL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE STUDY OF GEL BODY LOTION CONTAINING INDRAMAYU MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) PEEL EXTRACT
The skin of Indramayu mango contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that function to inhibit the enzyme Hyaluronidase (HYALase), which is an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid plays a role in maintaining moisture in the skin. The extract of Indramayu mango skin is formulated into a gel preparation due to its good spreading properties on the skin, clear appearance, stability during storage, and resistance to flowing on the skin surface, allowing the active substances from the extract to remain in contact with the skin for a longer period. This study aims to test the stability of the gel preparation of Indramayu mango skin extract (Mangifera indica L.). The gel preparations were made in 4 formulas with different concentrations of Indramayu mango skin extract: F0 (without extract), F1 (0,15 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g), F2 (0.27 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g), and F3 (0.5 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g). The physical stability test of the gel preparation was carried out at temperatures of 28°C and 40°C for 28 days. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data and the Kruskal–Wallis test for data that did not meet normality assumptions. The stability test results indicated that F3 had the best stability during the 28-day storage, as shown by the results of the homogeneity test, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion, which did not experience significant changes during storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 ASRI WULANDARI, LUSI AGUS SETIANI, DEVALI SYAWALIYAH PUTRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AERVA LANATA: A PROMISING MEDICINE FOR UROLITHIASIS IN FUTURE
Urinary disorders are treated with Aerva lanata (Linn) in southern parts of india as a source of pashana Beda (Stone breaker). Most of the Ayuerveda and siddha practioner in south india used this plant towards urinary disorders like Ashmari (Urinari calculi) Moothra krichra (Dysuria), Mootravikara. The plant has been studied for its antiurolithiatic property from many years. The various part of this plant has been demonstrated for its antiurolithiatic activity in the form of various extracts in many scientific research. Many secondary metabolites has been reported in this plant such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Preferably the aerial parts of the plant has enriched phytoconstituents. Among the various extract the aqueous extract of this plant was potent in dissolving kidney stones has been proved in many study. The plant has been reported to contain quercitin and betulin which has antiurolithiatic action associated by diuretic activity. Further the study has not been converted as medicine to be utilised by human by different dosage forms. If it is effectively subjected to formulation it will be a promising medicine for the treatment of kidney stone in near future wihout any complicated medication and surgery.
Copyright (c) 2025 SIVAKUMAR BALAKRISHNAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRUG METABOLISM: A REVIEW
Drug metabolism is a crucial process in the fields of pharmacology and biochemistry. It involves the conversion of medicinal chemicals in the body to aid in their removal. The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, where enzymes incorporate reactive or polar groups into drug molecules. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) play a vital role in the breakdown of foreign substances in the body. They facilitate the transformation of prodrugs into their active state, hence enhancing their pharmacological efficacy. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are classified according to their specific mechanisms of drug metabolism, which may involve oxidative, reductive, and/or conjugative enzymes. These enzymes possess bio-activation routes and particular mechanisms of action to carry out their functions. The drug metabolism process involves the classification of metabolic reactions into either phase I or phase II reactions. In this review, a comprehensive explanation of xenobiotic metabolism, including how drugs function. The important biochemical characteristics and catalytic processes are detailed, along with a vast assortment of hydrolases and their nomenclature. The disciplines of medicine, toxicology, and environmental science are illustrated through several instances. The investigated mechanisms involve the hydrolysis of a range of unstable rings, such as carboxylic esters, amides, peptides, lactones, and esters generated by inorganic acids. The review provides an explanation of the enzymology and procedure involved in hydrating epoxides.
Copyright (c) 2025 ODANGOWEI OGIDI, OMABEMITUALE FAVOUR IYONSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0