ANALYZING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBLIC VS PRIVATE HELTHCARE UTILIZATION UNDER JKN PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

Abstract

This study investigates the factors influencing public and private healthcare utilization under Indonesia's Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) program, aiming to understand the determinants of healthcare choices and disparities. Using data from the 2023 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), a nationally representative dataset of 1,132,749 observations, this research examines the role of socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related factors in shaping healthcare decisions. The study employs linear and logistic regression models to analyze the impact of variables such as JKN coverage, income, education, age, gender, and health status on healthcare utilization. Findings reveal that JKN participation significantly increases public healthcare usage but reduces the likelihood of private healthcare utilization. Wealthier individuals and those with higher education are more likely to opt for private care, driven by perceptions of superior quality and accessibility. Health status emerges as a key determinant, with individuals experiencing recent illnesses more likely to seek both public and private care. Gender and age also influence utilization patterns, as males and older individuals show lower usage rates, highlighting demographic-specific barriers. The study underscores persistent inequities in healthcare access, despite JKN's success in expanding coverage. Lessons from international contexts, such as Thailand's Universal Coverage Scheme, suggest that improving public healthcare quality and integrating public-private partnerships can address gaps in accessibility. Additionally, leveraging telemedicine could enhance healthcare access in remote and underserved areas. Future research should explore longitudinal data and qualitative insights to deepen the understanding of healthcare utilization dynamics. This study contributes to the discourse on universal health coverage by identifying actionable strategies to improve equity and access under the JKN program.